SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    43817, 23152, 5544, 47921, 41339, 387, 
    23267, 455, 38137, 734, 4515, 4351, 
    38136, 2149, 38138, 48322
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.15345

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "filesort": {
      "sort_key": "cscart_product_prices.product_id",
      "temporary_table": {
        "nested_loop": [
          {
            "table": {
              "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
              "access_type": "ref",
              "possible_keys": [
                "usergroup",
                "product_id",
                "lower_limit",
                "usergroup_id"
              ],
              "key": "lower_limit",
              "key_length": "3",
              "used_key_parts": ["lower_limit"],
              "ref": ["const"],
              "rows": 25327,
              "filtered": 2.020201206,
              "attached_condition": "cscart_product_prices.lower_limit <=> 1 and cscart_product_prices.product_id in (43817,23152,5544,47921,41339,387,23267,455,38137,734,4515,4351,38136,2149,38138,48322) and cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id in (0,1)"
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}