SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    38558, 3168, 6063, 3663, 40452, 2294, 
    44939, 5553, 3230, 1123, 41170, 112, 
    2286, 3916, 1429, 3170, 36746, 5834, 
    6062, 47085, 6211, 3471, 4072, 5567, 
    5141, 6052, 47902, 36729, 3880, 4280, 
    6057, 27362
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.19584

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "filesort": {
      "sort_key": "cscart_product_prices.product_id",
      "temporary_table": {
        "nested_loop": [
          {
            "table": {
              "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
              "access_type": "ref",
              "possible_keys": [
                "usergroup",
                "product_id",
                "lower_limit",
                "usergroup_id"
              ],
              "key": "lower_limit",
              "key_length": "3",
              "used_key_parts": ["lower_limit"],
              "ref": ["const"],
              "rows": 25327,
              "filtered": 8.080804825,
              "attached_condition": "cscart_product_prices.lower_limit <=> 1 and cscart_product_prices.product_id in (38558,3168,6063,3663,40452,2294,44939,5553,3230,1123,41170,112,2286,3916,1429,3170,36746,5834,6062,47085,6211,3471,4072,5567,5141,6052,47902,36729,3880,4280,6057,27362) and cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id in (0,1)"
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}